This unit also deals with first law of thermodynamics applied to closed & open systems and steady flow process.

Unit 1 deals with basic concepts of thermodynamics such as concept of continuum, microscopic and macroscopic approaches, path and point functions, intensive and extensive properties, total and specific quantities, system and their types, thermodynamic equilibrium state, path and process, quasi-static, reversible and irreversible processes, heat and work transfer, displacement work and other modes of work, P-V diagram, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature and thermal equilibrium, relationship between temperature scales, and new temperature scales.

Besides, the improved phase-equilibrium model is applied in the actual light hydrocarbon separation process to research the CO2 freezing phenomenon, which explains wide applicability of the new model. Compared with experimental data, the calculated results also show a higher accuracy in complex natural gas system. The improved phase-equilibrium model based on GERG-2008 is proved to be the most accurate one to calculate CO2 freezing temperature, in which the Antoine equation is used in VSE model while reference state method is used in LSE model. Then a new thermodynamic method of reference state of hypothetical fluid is used to replace LSE model based on the Antoine equation to calculate solid CO2 fugacity. By use of a traditional model based on the Antoine equation, the calculated freezing temperature in liquid-solid equilibrium (LSE) is not as accurate as that in vapor-solid equilibrium (VSE). Research starts from CO2 freezing in simple CH4-CO2 binary systems.

It is of great engineering significance to find an accurate model to predict CO2 freezing and avoid plugging in the light hydrocarbon separation process of natural gas.

Engineering thermodynamics pdf kenneth